Titanic luxury passenger ship All about
in full
Royal Mail Ship (RMS) Titanic
British
luxury passenger liner that sank on April 14–15, 1912, during its
maiden voyage, en route to New York City from Southampton, England,
killing about 1,500 (
see Researcher's Note: Titanic)
passengers and ship personnel. One of the most famous tragedies in
modern history, it has inspired numerous stories, several films, and a
musical and been the subject of much scholarship and scientific
speculation.
Origins and construction
In
the early 1900s the transatlantic passenger trade was highly profitable
and competitive, with ship lines vying to transport wealthy travelers
and immigrants. Two of the chief lines were White Star and Cunard. By the summer of 1907, Cunard seemed poised to increase its share of the market with the debut of two new ships, the
Lusitania and the
Mauretania,
which were scheduled to enter service later that year. The two
passenger liners were garnering much attention for their expected
speed; both would later set speed records crossing the Atlantic Ocean.
Looking to answer his rival, White Star chairman
J. Bruce Ismay reportedly met with
William Pirrie,
who controlled the Belfast shipbuilding firm Harland and Wolff, which
constructed most of White Star's vessels. The two men devised a plan to
build a class of large liners that would be known for their comfort
instead of their speed. It was eventually decided that three vessels
would be constructed: the
Olympic, the
Titanic, and the
Britannic.
- Construction of the Olympic (right) and the Titanic in the shipyard …
On March 31, 1909, some three months after work began on the
Olympic, the keel was laid for the
Titanic.
The two ships were built side by side in a specially constructed gantry
that could accommodate their unprecedented size. The sister ships were
largely designed by
Thomas Andrews of Harland and Wolff. In addition to ornate decorations, the
Titanic
featured an immense first-class dining saloon, four elevators, and a
swimming pool. Its second-class accommodations were comparable to
first-class features on other ships, and its third-class offerings,
although modest, were still noted for their relative comfort.As to safety elements, the
Titanic
had 16 compartments that included doors which could be closed from the
bridge, so that water could be contained in the event the hull was
breached. Although they were presumed to be watertight, the bulkheads
were not capped at the top. The ship's builders claimed that four of
the compartments could be flooded without endangering the liner's
buoyancy. The system led many to claim that the
Titanic was unsinkable.
Following completion of the hull and main superstructure, the
Titanic
was launched on May 31, 1911. It then began the fitting-out phase, as
machinery was loaded into the ship and interior work began. After the
Olympic's maiden voyage in June 1911, slight changes were made to the
Titanic's design. In early April 1912 the
Titanic underwent its sea trials, after which the ship was declared seaworthy.
As it prepared to embark on its maiden voyage, the
Titanic
was one of the largest and most opulent ships in the world. It had a
gross registered tonnage (i.e., carrying capacity) of 46,328 tons, and
when fully laden the ship displaced (weighed) more than 52,000 tons.
The
Titanic was approximately 882.5 feet (269 metres) long and about 92.5 feet (28.2 metres) wide at its widest point.
Titanic luxury passenger ship All about
Maiden voyage
- The Titanic leaving Southampton, England, April 10, 1912.
On April 10, 1912, the
Titanic
set sail on its maiden voyage, traveling from Southampton, England, to
New York City. Nicknamed the “Millionaire's Special,” the ship was
fittingly captained by
Edward J. Smith,
who was known as the “Millionaire's Captain” because of his popularity
with wealthy passengers. Indeed, onboard were a number of prominent
people, including American businessman Benjamin Guggenheim, British
journalist
William Thomas Stead, and Macy's department store co-owner
Isidor Straus and his wife, Ida. In addition, Ismay and Andrews were also traveling on the
Titanic.The voyage nearly began with a collision, however, when suction from the
Titanic caused the docked
New York to swing into the giant liner's path. After an hour of maneuverings to prevent the accident, the
Titanic
was under way. On the evening of April 10 the ship stopped at
Cherbourg, France. The city's dock was too small to accommodate the
Titanic, so passengers had to be ferried to and from the ship in tenders. Among those boarding were
John Jacob Astor and his pregnant second wife, Madeleine, and
Molly Brown. After some two hours the
Titanic
resumed its journey. On the morning of April 11 the liner made its last
scheduled stop in Europe, at Queenstown (Cobh), Ireland. At
approximately 1:30
PM the ship set sail for New York City. Onboard were some 2,200 people, approximately 1,300 of whom were passengers.
Final hours
Throughout much of the voyage, the wireless radio operators on the
Titanic,
Jack Phillips and
Harold Bride, had been receiving
iceberg
warnings, most of which were passed along to the bridge. The two men
worked for the Marconi Company, and much of their job was relaying
passengers' messages. On the evening of April 14 the
Titanic
began to approach an area known to have icebergs. Smith slightly
altered the ship's course to head farther south. However, he maintained
the ship's speed of some 22 knots. At approximately 9:40
PM the
Mesaba sent a warning of an ice field. The message was never relayed to the
Titanic's bridge. At 10:55
PM the nearby Leyland liner
Californian sent word that it had stopped after becoming surrounded by ice. Phillips, who was handling passenger messages, scolded the
Californian for interrupting him.
Two lookouts,
Frederick Fleet and
Reginald Lee, were stationed in the crow's nest of the
Titanic.
Their task was made difficult by the fact that the ocean was unusually
calm that night: because there would be little water breaking at its
base, an iceberg would be more difficult to spot. In addition, the
crow's nest's binoculars were missing. At approximately 11:40
PM,
about 400 nautical miles (740 km) south of Newfoundland, Canada, an
iceberg was sighted, and the bridge was notified. First Officer
William Murdoch ordered both the ship “hard-a-starboard” (to the left) and the engines reversed. The
Titanic
began to turn, but it was too close to avoid a collision. The ship's
starboard side scraped along the iceberg. At least five of its
supposedly watertight compartments toward the bow were ruptured. After
assessing the damage, Andrews determined that, as the ship's forward
compartments filled with water, its bow would drop deeper into the
ocean, causing water from the ruptured compartments to spill over into
each succeeding compartment, thereby sealing the ship's fate. The
Titanic would founder. (By reversing the engines, Murdoch actually caused the
Titanic
to turn slower than if it had been moving at its original speed. Most
experts believe the ship would have survived if it had hit the iceberg
head-on.)
Smith ordered Phillips to begin sending distress signals, one of which reached the
Carpathia at approximately 12:20
AM on April 15, and the Cunard ship immediately headed toward the stricken liner. However, the
Carpathia was some 58 nautical miles (107 km) away when it received the signal, and it would take more than three hours to reach the
Titanic. Other ships also responded, including the
Olympic, but all were too far away. A vessel was spotted nearby, but the
Titanic was unable to contact it. The
Californian was also in the vicinity, but its wireless had been turned off for the night.
- The sinking of the Titanic, undated illustration.
- Titanic survivors in a lifeboat.
As attempts were made to contact nearby vessels, the
lifeboats began to be launched, with orders of women and children first. Although the
Titanic's
number of lifeboats exceeded that required by the British Board of
Trade, its 20 boats could carry only 1,178 people, far short of the
total number of passengers. This problem was exacerbated by lifeboats
being launched well below capacity, because crewmen worried that the
davits would not be able to support the weight of a fully loaded boat.
(The
Titanic had canceled its scheduled lifeboat drill earlier
in the day, and the crew was unaware that the davits had been tested in
Belfast.) Lifeboat number 7, which was the first to leave the
Titanic, held only about 27 people, though it had space for 65. In the end, only 705 people would be rescued in lifeboats.As the
Titanic's
bow continued to sink, the stern began to rise out of the water,
placing incredible strain on the midsection. At approximately 2:18
AM the
Titanic broke in two, with the bow going underwater. At 2:20
AM
the ship foundered as the stern section also disappeared beneath the
Atlantic. Hundreds of passengers and crew went into the icy water.
Fearful of being swamped, those in the lifeboats delayed returning to
pick up survivors. By the time they rowed back, almost all the people
in the water had died from exposure. In the end, more than 1,500
perished. Aside from the crew, which had about 700 fatalities, third
class suffered the greatest loss: of approximately 710, only some 174
survived. (Subsequent claims that passengers in steerage were prevented
from boarding boats, however, were largely dispelled. Given Smith's
failure to sound a general alarm, some third-class passengers did not
realize the direness of the situation until it was too late. Many women
also refused to leave their husbands and sons, while the difficulty of
simply navigating the complex
Titanic from the lower levels caused some to reach the top deck after most of the lifeboats had been launched.)
Rescue
- Titanic survivors aboard the Carpathia, April 1912.
The
Carpathia arrived in the area at approximately 3:30
AM, more than an hour after the
Titanic sank. Lifeboat number 2 was the first to reach the liner. Over the next several hours the
Carpathia picked up all survivors. At approximately 8:30
AM the
Californian arrived, having heard the news some three hours earlier. Shortly before 9:00
AM the
Carpathia headed for New York City, where it arrived to massive crowds on April 18.
Aftermath and investigation
Although
the majority of dead were crew members and third-class passengers, many
of the era's wealthiest and most prominent families lost members, among
them Isidor and Ida Straus and John Jacob Astor. In the popular mind,
the glamour associated with the ship, its maiden voyage, and its
notable passengers magnified the tragedy of its sinking. Legends arose
almost immediately about the night's events, those who had died, and
those who survived. Heroes and heroines—such as American
Molly Brown, who helped command a lifeboat, and Capt. Arthur Henry Rostron of the
Carpathia—were identified and celebrated by the press. Others—notably White Star chairman
J. Bruce Ismay,
who had found space in a lifeboat and survived—were vilified. There was
a strong desire to explain the tragedy, and inquiries into the sinking
were held in the United States and Great Britain.
U.S. inquiry
The
U.S. investigation, which lasted from April 19 to May 25, 1912, was led
by Sen. William Alden Smith. In all, more than 80 people were
interviewed. Notable witnesses included Second Officer
Charles
Lightoller, the most senior officer to survive. He defended the actions
of his superiors, especially Captain Smith's refusal to decrease the
ship's speed. Many passengers testified to the general confusion on the
ship. A general warning was never sounded, causing a number of
passengers and even crew members to be unaware of the danger for some
time. In addition, because a scheduled lifeboat drill had never been
held, the lowering of the boats was often haphazard.
Perhaps the most-scrutinized testimony came from the crew of the
Californian, who claimed their ship was some 20 nautical miles (37 km) from the
Titanic. Crew members saw a ship but said it was too small to be the
Titanic.
They also stated that it was moving and that efforts to contact it by
Morse lamp were unsuccessful. After sighting rockets in the distance,
the crew informed Capt.
Stanley
Lord, who had retired for the night. Instead of ordering the ship's
wireless operator to turn on the radio, Lord instead told the men to
continue to use the Morse lamp. By 2:00
AM the nearby ship had reportedly sailed away.
In the end, the U.S. investigation faulted the
British
Board of Trade, “to whose laxity of regulation and hasty inspection the
world is largely indebted for this awful fatality.” Other contributing
causes were also noted, including the failure of Captain Smith to slow
the
Titanic after receiving ice warnings. However, perhaps the strongest criticism was levied at Captain Lord and the
Californian. The committee found that the ship was “nearer the
Titanic than the 19 miles reported by her Captain, and that her officers and crew saw the distress signals of the
Titanic and failed to respond to them in accordance with the dictates of humanity, international usage, and the requirements of law.”
British inquiry
In
May 1912 the British inquiry began. It was overseen by the British
Board of Trade, the same agency that had been derided by U.S.
investigators for the insufficient lifeboat requirements. The presiding
judge was Sir
John
Charles Bigham, Lord Mersey. Little new evidence was discovered during
the 28 days of testimony. The final report stated that “the loss of the
said ship was due to collision with an iceberg, brought about by the
excessive speed at which the ship was being navigated.” However, Mersey
also stated that he was “not able to blame Captain Smith…he was doing
only that which other skilled men would have done in the same
position.” Captain Lord and the
Californian, however, drew sharp rebuke. The British investigators claimed that the liner was some 5–10 nautical miles (9–19 km) from the
Titanic and that “she might have saved many, if not all, of the lives that were lost.”
Both the U.S. and British investigations also proposed various safety recommendations, and in 1913 the first
International Conference for Safety of Life at Sea
was called in London. The conference drew up rules requiring that every
ship have lifeboat space for each person embarked; that lifeboat drills
be held for each voyage; and, because the
Californian had not heard the distress signals of the
Titanic, that ships maintain a 24-hour radio watch. The
International Ice Patrol was established to warn ships of icebergs in the North Atlantic shipping lanes and to break up ice.
The Californian incident
The U.S. and British inquiries did little to end speculation and debate concerning the sinking of the
Titanic. Particular focus centred on the
Californian.
Supporters of Lord, nicknamed “Lordites,” believed that the captain had
been unfairly criticized. They held that a third ship—possibly the
Samson, a Norwegian boat illegally hunting seals—was between the Leyland liner and the
Titanic. That view eventually gained much support. Crew members of the
Californian
did not hear rockets being fired, though the sounds would have been
audible if the ship had been within the distances claimed by U.S. and
British investigators. In addition, people aboard the
Titanic stated that a vessel was headed in their direction, which could not have been
Californian, which was stopped at the time. While the true location of the
Californian
will likely never be conclusively known, many experts believe it was
actually some 20 miles (37 km) away and would not have reached the
Titanic
before it sank. However, Lord has continued to draw criticism for his
failure to take more action in response to the distress signals.
Discovery and legacy
Within days of the
Titanic's
sinking, talk began of finding the wreck. Given the limits of
technology, however, serious attempts were not undertaken until the
second half of the 20th century. In August 1985
Robert Ballard led an American-French expedition from aboard the U.S. Navy research ship
Knorr. The quest was partly a means for testing the
Argo,
a 16-foot (5-metre) submersible sled equipped with a remote-controlled
camera that could transmit live images to a monitor. The submersible
was sent some 13,000 feet (4,000 metres) to the floor of the Atlantic
Ocean, sending video back to the
Knorr. On September 1, 1985, the first underwater images of the
Titanic
were recorded as its giant boilers were discovered. Later video showed
the ship lying upright in two pieces. While the bow was clearly
recognizable, the stern section was severely damaged. Covering the
wreckage were rust-coloured stalactite-like formations. Scientists
later determined that the rusticles, as they were named, were created
by iron-eating microorganisms, which are consuming the wreck.
The
Titanic—located
at about 41°43′57′′ N, 49°56′49′′ W (bow section), some 13 nautical
miles (24 km) from the position given in its distress signals—was
explored numerous times by manned and unmanned submersibles. The
expeditions found no sign of the long gash previously thought to have
been ripped in the ship's hull by the iceberg. Scientists instead
discovered that the collision's impact had produced a series of thin
gashes as well as brittle fracturing and separation of seams in the
adjacent hull plates, thus allowing water to flood in and sink the
ship. In subsequent years, marine salvagers raised small artifacts from
the wreckage as well as pieces of the ship itself, including a large
section of the hull. Examination of these parts—as well as paperwork in
the builder's archives—led to speculation that low-quality steel or
weak rivets may have contributed to the
Titanic's sinking.
- (From left) Kate Winslet, Leonardo DiCaprio, and James Cameron on the set of the film …
Countless renditions, interpretations, and analyses of the
Titanic
disaster transformed the ship into a cultural icon. In addition to
being the subject of numerous books, the ship inspired various movies,
notably
A Night to Remember (1958) and
James Cameron's blockbuster
Titanic
(1997). In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, artifacts from the
ship formed the basis of a highly successful exhibit that toured the
world, and a profitable business was developed transporting tourists to
the
Titanic's wreck. Several museums dedicated to the liner draw thousands of visitors each year. Although the wreck of the
Titanic will eventually deteriorate, the famed liner seems unlikely to fade from the public imagination.
Titanic
luxury passenger ship this is the story
